EHo$ H$mir "H°$ån' `m ^mJm~Ôb gdmªZm ~a§M AmH$f©U hmoV§. {VWbo añVo, {VWbr XþH$mZ, {VWbr amIÊ`m{nÊ`mMr M§Jb dJ¡a|_wio nwUoH$a H°$ånmV IoMbo Om`Mo. hm ^mJ {¼íMZ~hþb. Ë`m_wio Ë`m~Ôbhr EH$ doJi§M AmH$f©U hmoV§. AmVm H°$ånM§ ñdê$n ~Xbb§ Amho Am{U hrM {¼íMZY_u` _§S>irhr {VWyZ ~mhoa nS>br AmhoV. AmO{_Vrbm H°$ån{edm` nwÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY ^mJm§_Ü`o {¼íMZ g_mOdmñVì` H$aV Amho. EH$m AWm©Zo nwÊ`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV hm g_mO {_giyZ Jobm Amho.
{¼ñVr g§ñH¥$VrMm nwÊ`mer g§~§Y Ambm AR>amì`m eVH$mV. noeì`m§À`m amOdQ>rV {¼ñVr _§S>itM§ Am{U nwÊ`mM§ ZmV§ g¡Ý`mVrb ì`dhmam§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Owiy bmJb§ hmoV§. _wimV Jmo_§VH$s` nmoVw©JrO ZmJ[aH$ neoì`m§À`m Am{U {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m g§nH$m©Vrb goVy R>abo. Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr {¼ñVr bmoH$ noeì`m§À`m g¡Ý`mV A{YH$manXmda qH$dm Vmo\$m§À`m H$maImÝ`mVbo H$_©Mmar åhUyZ qH$dm ì`mnmar åhUyZ gm_rb hmoV Jobo. nwUo H°$ån hr VoìhmMr bîH$amMr N>mdUr. Ë`m_wio nydu _amR>çm§À`m bîH$amVrb gh^mJmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ehamV Ambobo {¼íMZ A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$ `m n[agamV ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. `m{edm` IS>H$s, dmZdS>r `m ~mOybmhr {¼ñVr g¡{ZH$ d A{YH$mar dgy bmJbo.
_amR>r \$m¡OoVrb `wamonr` d§emÀ`m qH$dm Jmo_§VH$s` {¼ñVr bîH$ar A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$m§gmR>r nwUo H°$ånmV 1792 gmbr EH$ MM© ~m§YÊ`mV Amb§. AZoH$m§Zm _mhrV Zgob, na§Vw gdmB© _mYdamd noeì`m§Zr XoUJr åhUyZ {Xboë`m OmJoda ho {gQ>r MM© (B_°Š`wboQ> H$Ý\o$eZ MM©) C^§ am{hb§. ŠdmQ>©a JoQ> n[agamVb§ ho MM© nwÊ`mVrb {¼ñVrY_u`m§À`m ApñVËdmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUmar gdm©V OwZr IyU. `m MM©M§ _yi ~m§YH$m_ _mVr Am{U MwÝ`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ho$bob§ hmoV§. 1852 gmbr OwZ§ ~m§YH$m_ nmSy>Z MM©M§ gÜ`mM§ ê$n KS>dÊ`mV Amb§. nwUo Am{U {¼ñVrY_u`m§M§ ZmVog§~§Y KS>Ê`mMr AmIUr EH$ IyU åhUOo H°$ånmVM, gmobmnya amoS>da Agbob§ g|Q> _oarO MM©. ho MM© 1823 gmbr ~m§YÊ`mV Amb§. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _amR>m \$m¡OoVrb {¼ñVr A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$m§gmR>r bîH$ar Vim§À`m n[agamV AZoH$ MM© ~m§Ybr Jobr.
Aìdb {~«{Q>e Am_XZrV nwÊ`mVrb {¼íMZ g_mO _w»`Ëdo \$m¡OoVrb `wamonr` `m Jmo_§VH$s` A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$ Am{U Ë`m§Mr Hw$Qw>§~§ Agm _`m©{XV hmoVm. Ë`m_wioM nwÊ`mVrb gdmªV OwZr H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> MM© Ho$di nwUo H$ån, IS>H$s Am{U dmZdS>r `m bîH$ar Vim§V {XgVmV. nwUo ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV bîH$amVrb qH$dm aoëdo ImË`mVrb ZmoH$arÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo AZoH$ Xm{jUmË` {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~§ nwUo H±$nmV Am{U IS>H$sV ñWm{`H$ Pmbr. Ë`mVyZ hm ^mJ {¼íMZ~hþb ~ZV Jobm. Joë`m VrZ-Mma XeH$m§V nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> eham§V Or AZoH$ {¼ñVr MM© C^r am{hbobr {XgVmV Vr {¼íMZm§À`m g§»`oV `m n[agamV _moR>r dmT> Pmë`mM§ Xe©dVmV.
^maVmÀ`m AZoH$ ^mJm§V {¼ñVr g_mO AmT>iVmo Am{U Ë`m§À`m MmbrarVr Ë`m Ë`m ^mJm§Vrb ñWm{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrZwgma AgVmV. nwÊ`mV XoemVrb gd©M ^mJm§Vrb {¼ñVr ñWbm§V[aV Pmbo Agë`mZo Y_m©Zo EH$M Agboë`m `m g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§V IynM gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. nwÊ`mVrb {¼ñVr g_mO hm ~hþ^m{fH$, {d{dY n§Wr`, {^Þ {^Þ g§ñH¥$VtMm Am{U Amnë`m _yi àm§Vm§À`m g§ñH¥$VrZwgma doe^yfm H$aUmam Amho, Ë`mMà_mUo Vmo AR>amnJS> OmVtMmhr Amho.
nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS>_Yrb {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°ñQ>oñQ>§ `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§Mo bmoH$ AmhoV. H°$Wm°{bH$m§Mr g§»`m VwbZoZo A{YH$ Amho. H°$Wm°{bH$ MM©V\}$ Mmbdë`m OmUmè`m emim, à{ejU H|$Ð, XdmImZo Am{U BVa g§ñWm§Mr g§»`mhr A{YH$ Amho. `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§Vrb bmoH$ _amR>r ^mfH$, H$moH$Ur ^mfH$ JmodZ, H$moH$Ur ^mfH$ _§Jbmo[a`Z, V{_i, _ë`mir Am{U VobwJy dJ¡ao ^m{fH$ JQ>m§V {d^mJbobo AmhoV.
{deof åhUOo IwÔ _amR>r ^mfH$ {¼ñVr g_mOgwÕm _hmamîQ´>mVrb Mma àXoem§VyZ BWo ñWbm§V[aV Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vr qH$dm ~mobr^mfm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {^Þ AmhoV. R>mUo {OëømVrb dgB© VmbwŠ`mVyZ ñWbm§V[aV Pmbobm, _yiMm Jmo_§VH$s` Agbobm ~mX}H$a g_mO; npíM_ _hmamîQ´>mVrb Ah~XZJa-H$moëhmnya Am{U Zm{eH$ {Oëøm§VyZ Ambobm Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVyZ ñWbm§V[aV Pmbobm {¼ñVr g_mO Aem Mma JQ>m§V _amR>r ^m{fH$ {¼ñVr g_mO {d^mJbobm Amho. Jmodm _§Jiya, ~mX}g Am{U dgB© BWyZ ñWbm§V[aV Pmboë`m {¼ñVr g_mOmV {S>gyPm, JmoÝgmpëdg, \$Zmª{S>g Aer nmpíM_mË` YVuMr AmS>Zmd§ AmT>iVmV, `mM§ H$maU åhUOo `m g_mOKQ>H$m§Zm bm^bobm nmoVw©JrO amÁ`H$Ë`mªMm dmagm.
nwÊ`mVrb H$mhr Zm_m§{H$V ì`º$s¨_Yrb nwÊ`mMo {Zd¥Îm {~en d°boarZ {S>gyPm ho _yiMo Jmo_§VH$s` AmhoV, {dÚ_mZ {~en Wm°_g S>m~ao ho dgB©Mo AmhoV, Zm{eH$Mo {Zd¥Îm {~en Wm°_g ^mboamd ho Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb AmhoV, Va nwUoH$a Agbobo Am{U gÜ`mMo Zm{eH$Mo {~en Agbobo bwB©g S>°{Z`Z ho _yiMo V{_i AmhoV. nwÊ`mVrb {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb AmS>Zmdm§dê$ZgwÕm OmUH$ma _§S>itZm Ë`m§Mr àmXo{eH$, ^m{fH$ Am{U OmVr` nmíd©^y_r g_OVo.
^maVmV {¼ñVr g_mO qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb {d{dY OmVr-O_mVtVyZ Ambobm Amho. Jmoì`mV Am{U dgB©V Y_mªVa hmoD$Z Vr-Mma eVH$m§Mm H$mi CbQ>bm, Var VoWrb {¼ñVr g_mOmV Ë`m§À`m _yi qhXÿ Cƒ-ZrM g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVr AmOhr R>m_ nm` amodyZ AmhoV. {deofV… b½Zg§~§YmV `m OmVtMr CVa§S> Am{U àXoe {d{eîQ> nmíd©^y_r H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgVo. nwÊ`mVrb JmodZ VéUmM§ b½Z nwÊ`mVrb JmodZ VéUrer qH$dm Jmoì`mV ñWm{`H$ Agboë`m VéUrer hmoV§, Vg§M nwUopñWV _yiMo A_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX qH$dm H$moëhmnya {Oëøm§Vrb Am{U Ë`mMà_mUo _yi dgB©H$a, ~mX}ñH$a qH$dm V{_i {¼ñVr VéUm§Mo {ddmh OwiV AgVmV. ào_{ddmhmMm AWm©V `m àWobm AndmX AgVmo.
_w§~B©à_mUoM nwUo ehamV H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> {_eZè`m§Zr AZoH$ emim Am{U g§ñWm C^maboë`m Agë`m Var `m XmoÝhr eham§V _moR>çm à_mUmV Y_mªVa Pmbobr ZmhrV. Aem àH$maMr _moR>çm à_mUmV Y_mªVa§ Pmbr Vr R>mUo {OëømV dgB© `oWo Am{U Cd©[aV _hmamîQ´>mV A_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX, OmbZm, bmVya, A_amdVr dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr. aoìha§S> Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$, Ë`m§À`m nËZr bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$, aoìha§S> {ZiH§$R>emór Zhoå`m Jmoèho Am{U n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© dJ¡ao CƒdUu` ì`º$s¨Mm AndmX dJiVm hr gd© Y_mªVa§ qhXÿ§_Yë`m Añní` JUë`m OmUmè`m X{bV g_mOnwaVr _`m©{XV hmoVr.
_amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOnwaV§ ~mobm`M§ Pmë`mghm g_mO BVa _amR>r g_mOmnoúkm H$mhr dJoim Amho Aer OmUrdhr hmoUma Zmhr. H$maU `m _mVrVM BVam§gmaIr _amR>r {¼ñVr ì`º$s dmT>br Amho. Ë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma, MmbrarVr, ^mfm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m ^y_rVrbM Amho. {¼ñV Y_© ñdrH$mabm åhUyZ `oWrb ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U MmbrarVtMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mMr `m g_mOmbm JaO ^mgbobr Zmhr. Á`m `wamonr` {_eZatZr Ë`m§Zm {¼ñVr Y_m©Mr Xrjm {Xbr Ë`m§ZmXoIrb `oWrb g§ñH¥$Vr {¼ñVr Y_m©À`m VÎdm§er {dg§JV Amho Ag§ dmQ>b§ Zmhr. Ë`m_wio qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb Mm§Jë`m na§nam Am{U arVr H$m`_ R>odyZ ZdY_mªV[aV {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Zr Amnbr OrdZe¡br H$m`_ R>odbr. Jmoì`mV Am{U dgB©V _mÌ nmoVw©JrOm§Zr ñWm{ZH$ _amR>r-H$moH$Ur ^mfm§Mr JiMonr Ho$br. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m BVa ^mJm§V Agm àH$ma gwX¡dmZo Pmbm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {¼ñVr Pmë`mZ§Vahr Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$, gË`dmZ Zm_Xod gy`©d§er, n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© qH$dm bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$ hr Zmd§ {¼ñVr Y_©VÎdm§er {dg§JV AmhoV Ag§ Hw$Umbmhr dmQ>b§ Zmhr. npíM_ _hmamîQ´> Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVyZ nwÊ`mV Amboë`m {¼ñVr g_mOmVhr Jm`dmH$S>, gmoZdUo, H$m§~io, ^mboamd, Vm§~o Aer Img _amR>_moir AmS>Zmd§ AmhooV.
AgmM H$mhrgm àH$ma _amR>r {¼«ñVr g_mOmÀ`m doe^yfo~m~V Am{U H$mhr ñWm{ZH$ (qhXÿ) gUm§~m~V KS>bm Amho. Amnë`m Y_m©À`m VÎdm§er Hw$R>brhr VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm nwÊ`mVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmZo `m na§nam Mmby R>odë`m AmhoV. nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> ehamVrb Hw$R>ë`mhr H°$Wm°{bH$ MM©_Ü`o _amR>r CnmgZm{dYrV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m OoîR> _{hbm ZD$dmar qH$dm Jmob gmS>r, H§w$Hy$ Am{U _§JigyÌ Am{U S>moŠ`mda nyU© nXa KoUmè`m AmhoV, Ag§ {XgyZ `oB©b. qhXÿ g_mOmV Hw§$Hy$, _§JigyÌ hr gm¡^m½`boUr g_Obr OmVmV. H°$Wm°{bH$ Y_©nrR>mbmhr `m g_OwVr {¼ñVr Y_©{damoYr AmhoV Ag§ dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM _amR>r {¼«ñVr {ddmh MM©_Ü`o hmoVmZm b½ZmÀ`m AmUm^mH$m KoVë`mZ§Va Y_©Jwê$ _§JigyÌ, A§JR>r, OmoS>dr Amerdm©{XV H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va ZdaXod dYyÀ`m Jù`mV ho _§JigyÌ {d{Ynyd©H$ KmbVmo. H$mhr àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> n§Wr`m§Zr _mÌ H§w$Hy$ Am{U _§JigyÌ hr gm¡^m½`boUr {¼ñVr Y_©VÎdm§{déÕ AmhoV, Aer ^y{_H$m KoVbr Amho. Ë`m_wio àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> n§WmVrb ~hþVoH$ _{hbm Hw§$Hy$ bmdV ZmhrV.
qnnar-qMMdS> n[agamV H$miodmS>r, qnnar, H$mgmadmS>r `m n[agamV _amR>r {¼ñVr ^mfH$m§Mr g§»`m bjUr` Amho. `mn¡H$s gÜ`m Á`oîR> ZmJ[aH$ AgUmè`m `m Hw$Qw>§~à_wIm§Mr nmíd©^y_r Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_JmamMr Amho. `m_mJohr EH$ B{Vhmg Amho. nwÊ`mV ñdmaJoQ>Odi e§H$aeoQ> amoS>da g|Q> Omogo\$ Q>opŠZH$b BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> hr EHo$H$mir ZmdmObobr g§ñWm Amho. `oeyg§Kr` (OoPwBQ>) `m H°$Wm°{bH$ n§Wr` Y_©Jwê§$Zr Mmb{dboë`m `m g§ñWoZo nwÊ`mVrb AZoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$nÝ`m§Zm Hw$eb H$m_Jma nwa{dbo AmhoV. 1960 Am{U 1970 À`m XeH$m§V `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwêw§$À`m g§nH$m©Zo Ah_XZJa Am{U Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb embmÝV narjm CÎmrU© Pmbobr AZoH$ _wb§ `m à{ejU g§ñWoV XmIb Pmbr Am{U Ë`m§M§ à{ejU nyU© hmoVmM Q>mQ>m _moQ>g©, ~OmO Am°Q>mo, J«rìh²O dJ¡ao à_wI H§$nÝ`m§V Ë`m§Zm ZmoH$è`m {_imë`m. Aem àH$mao Ah_XZJ Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb EH$ {nT>r Ë`m H$mimV nwÊ`mV pñWamdbr. qnnar-qMMdS> `m Am¡Úmo{JH$ ZJarV _amR>r ^mfH$ {¼ñVr ZmJ[aH$m§Mr _moR>r g§»`m Agë`mM§ ho EH$ à_wI H$maU. AmO `m Hw$Q>§w~m§À`m Xþgè`m-{Vgè`m {nT>çm H$m`©aV Pmë`m AmhoV.
{deof _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> eham§V Jobr VrZ-Mma XeH§$ pñWamdyZhr _amR>r {¼ñVr ^m{fH$ g_mOmZo Amnë`m _yi ^y_rer ZmV§ H$m`_ amIb§ Amho. Ah_XZJa-Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§Vrb Amnë`m _yi Jmdr OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb ì`º$s dfm©VyZ EH$Xm Var ^oQ> XoVmVM. Zì`m {nT>rVrb _§S>ir b½Z dm BVa H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r Jmdr OmV AgVmV. nwÊ`mVrb dgB©H$a _§S>ir `m ~mX}ñH$a _§S>irgwÕm Amnë`m _yi ^y_rer H$m`_ g§nH©$ amIyZ AgVmV. {deofV… b½ZmgmR>r gmo`arH$ OwidVmZm _yi JmdmVrb ZmVodmB©H$ _§S>itM§ gmhmæ`m KoVb§ OmV§.
_amR>r ^mfH$ [IñVr g_mO H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> `m n§Wm§V {d^mJbm AgyZ Ë`m§À`mV Ogo {ddmhg§~§Y hmoV ZmhrV. Vg§M Hw$R>ë`mhr Ym{_©H$ dm BVa H$maUm_wio `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§À`m bmoH$m§Zm nañnag§~§YXoIrb hmoV ZmhrV. _amR>r gm{hË` Midi _mÌ `mg AndmX åhUmdr bmJob. "_amR>r {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§_obZm'À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§Vrb bmoH$ EH$Ì `oVmV. gZ 1927 nmgyZ {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§_obZ§ ^aV AgyZ Vr na§nam AmOhr gwê$ Amho. nwÊ`mVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§KmMr Xa _{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m Jwédmar dm`E_grEÀ`m hm°b_Ü`o {Z`{_VnUo ~¡R>H$ hmoV AgVo.
nwÊ`mVrb H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> MM©_Ü`o _amR>r CnmgZm{dYr hmoVmo Voìhm {VWo aoìha§S> Zm. dm. {Q>iH$, H¥$îUmMr gm§Jio dJ¡ao Zm_d§VH$dtZr Ho$boë`m aMZm Jm`ë`m OmVmV. _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m `m Jm`ZàWobm e§^a-gìdmeo dfmªMr na§nam Amho. Á`m MM©_Ü`o `yW J«wn `m Jm`H$d¥§X Agob {VWo hm_m}{Z`_, V~bm dJ¡ao dmÚm§À`m gmWrZo JrV§ Jm`br OmVmV. ZmVmiÀ`m AmYr AmR>dS>m^a H°$amob qgJg© ZmVmiMr JmUr JmV {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§À`m Kar ^oQ>r XoVmV, Voìhmhr Zm_m§{H$V H$dtZr {d{eîQ> amJm§V aMbobr Jm`Z§ Jm{`br OmVmV. nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> `oWrb H°$Wm°{bH$ MM©_Ü`o _amR>r ^mfH$m§gmR>r Img doJir {_ñgm qH$dm CnmgZm Ho$br OmVo. Y_©Jwê$ Amerdm©X XoVmV Voìhm gd© _{hbm S>moŠ`mda nyU© nXa KoVmV, Ë`mMà_mUo Vm{_i qH$dm _ëë`mir ^mfH$m§gmR>rhr Ë`m§À`m ^mfm§V àmW©Zm Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `m{edm` B§J«Or ^mfoV hmoUmè`m àmW©ZogmR>r gd©M ^mfH$ ZmVmibm EH$Ì O_VmV.
{ddmh g_ma§^mÀ`m ~m~VrVhr _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmZo gwnmar \$moS>Uo, gmIanwS>m, hiX bmdUo dJ¡ao na§nam H$m`_ R>odë`m AmhoV. `mVhr ^maVr` Am{U nmpíM_mË` na§naoMr gm§JS> KmVbr OmVo. `wamo{n`Z nÕVrZwgma MM©_Ü`o b½ZmV ZddYyZo g\o$X JmD$Z KmbÊ`mMr na§nam Amho. Amnë`mH$S>o _mÌ JmD$ZEodOr g\o$X gmS>r Zogbr OmVo. _mÌ, S>moŠ`mda nm§T>am OmirXma ìhob (nS>Xm) Am{U hmVmV nm§T>ao hmV_moOo AgVmV. b½Z{dYrZ§Va [agoßeZbm _mÌ ^maVr` na§naoZwgma emby hdmM. {~Ja_amR>r ^mfH$ {¼ñVr g_mOmZohr AemM àH$mao XmoÝhr g§ñH¥$VtMr gm§JS> KmVbobr {XgVo.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$miV Am{U ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§VaÀ`m H$mhr XeH$m§V Jmoì`mVrb AZoH$ H°$Wm°{bH$ Hw$Qw>§~ nwUo H±$nmV ñWm{`H$ Pmbr. Ë`m_wio {VWo Am{U ZOrH$À`m n[agamV {gQ>r MMM©, g|Q> n°{Q´>Šg H°$WoS´>b Am{U g|Q> Po{d`g© hr Xodi§ C^maÊ`mV Ambr. XmoZ-AS>rM XeH$m§nydu Jmoì`mVrb ~mX}g VmbwŠ`mVyZ AZoH$ {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~§ ZmoH$ar Am{U ì`dgm`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo _hmamîQ´>mVrb KmQ>mdarb àXoemV ñWbm§V[aV Pmbr. Ë`m doir Jmodm nmoVw©JrO A_bmImbr hmoVm. Bpݹ${PeZÀ`m H$mimV ZdY_mªV[aV ~«m÷U Am{U BVa OmVtVrb {¼ñVr g_mOmda nmídmË` g§ñH¥$Vr ñdrH$maÊ`mgmR>r AË`mMma Pmë`m_wio, ßboJÀ`m gmWr_wio Am{U BVa H$mhr H$maUm§_wio ho ñWbm§Va Pmb§, Ag§ åhUVmV. _mÌ `m XmoZ-AS>rM XeH$m§V `m ~mX}ñH$a g_mOmZo Amnbr Jmo_§VH$s` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U H$moH$Ur ^mfm OVZ Ho$br. Y_©Jwê$ ZgVmZmhr {¼ñVr Y_m©M§ AmMaU Mmby R>odb§. hm EH$ _moR>m gm_m{OH$ M_ËH$maM åhQ>bm nm{hOo. Joë`m XmoZ-AS>rM XeH$m§V KmQ>mdarb hm ~mX}ñH$a g_mO nwÊ`mV Am{U qMMdS> BWo ñWm{`H$ Pmbm Amho.
nwÊ`mVrb V{_i Am{U _ë`mir {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~§ nydu H±$nmV N>moQ>çmem ^mS>moÌr KamV qH$dm ñdV…À`m _mbH$sÀ`m KamV amhV AgV. Joë`m VrZ XeH$m§À`m H$mimV O{_ZtÀ`m {H$_Vr ñd_mbH$sMr OmJm {dHy$Z Ë`m ~Xë`mV {_imboë`m aH$_oV nwUo eham~mhoa Agboë`m dmZdS>r dJ¡ao n[agam§V OmJm KoD$Z ¿ka§ ~m§Ybr qH$dm Zdo âb°Q²>g IaoXr Ho$bo. nwÊ`mVrb gXm{ed, Zmam`U dJ¡ao noR>m§Vrb dmS>m g§ñH¥$VrV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Zr OmJm {dHy$Z eham~mhoa åhUOo H$moWê$S> n[agamV OmJmV qH$dm âb°Q²>g {dH$V KoD$Z ñWbm§Va Ho$b§, AJXr VgmM hm àH$ma hmoVm.
Xaå`mZ, `mM H$mimV Y_©Jwê$ hmoD$ BpÀN>Umè`m C_oXdmam§Zm à{ejU XoUmè`m "S>r Zmo{~br H$m°boO' Am{U "nona go{_Zar' `mgma»`m Am§VaamîQ´>r` ñVamdarb g§ñWm ZJa amoS>da gwê$ Pmë`m. `m g§ñWm§À`m AZwf§JmZo Ah_XZJa Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§Vrb AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~§ ZmoH$ar dm {ejUmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo am_dmS>r, `oadS>m Am{U dS>Jmd eoar `m n[agamV ñWm{`H$ Pmbr. {IñVr g_mOmM§ àm~ë` Agboë`m AZoH$ ghH$mar J¥h{Z_m©U g§ñWm `m n[agamV Cä`m am{hë`m AmhoV. AmO `m n[agamV hmoUmè`m _hmZJanm{bHo$À`m {ZdUwH$sV _VnoQ>rMm H$m¡b {\$ady eHo$b BVH$s `m g_mOmÀ`m _VXmamMr g§»`m Amho; `m n[agamVrb {¼ñVr g_mOmV _amR>r ^mfH$m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho, Va dmZdS>r, \$m{V_mZJa Am{U nwUo H±$n n[agamV JmodZ {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho. IS>H$s H±$Q>moÝ_|Q> joÌmV Am{U eoOmaÀ`m ^mJmV V{_i {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»`m bjUr` Amho. Ho$ai_YyZ AbrH$S>rb H$mhr dfmªV ñWbm§V[aV Pmbobr Hw$Qw>§~§ _mÌ nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> ^mJmV {dIwabobr AmhoV.
ehamVrb JmodZ g_mOmZo Hw$Qw>§~mV, ZmVbJm§V Am{U {_Ìm§er H$moH$Ur ^mfoV ~mobyZ Amnbr hr ^mfm OVZ Ho$br Amho. Jmoì`mV {¼ñVr Y_©àgmamV _hÎdmMr ^y{_H$m H$aUmao g|Q> \$mpÝgg Po{d`a ho `m Jmo_§VH$s` g_mOmM§ à_wI lÕmñWmZ. `m "Jmo`§À`m gm`~m'M`m 3 {S>g|~aÀ`m gUmbm hm g_mO MM©_Ü`o _moR>çm g§»`oZo CnpñWV AgVmo. nwUo H°$ånmV "nyZm JmodZ BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>' BWo hmoUmè`m AZoH$ g^m-g_ma§^m§V ehamVrb Jmo_§VH$s` {¼ñVr g_mO AmdOy©Z CnpñWV amhVmo. {¼ñVr Jmo_§VH$s` g§ñH¥$VrVrb AZoH$ CËgd BWo CËgmhnyd©H$ gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV. nwUo H°$ånmVrb E_. Or. amoS>nmer H$mhr XþH$mZ§ JmodZ qH$dm {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrer {ZJ{S>V Agboë`m {d{dY MmbrarV, ñZmZg§ñH$ma qH$dm nwÊ`ñ_aU `mgma»`m {dYtgmR>r bmJUma§ {d{dY gm{hË`, CnH$aU§ nwadV AgVmV. ZmVminydu Va H°$ånmVrb AZoH$ XþH$mZ§ `m gUmgmR>r AJXr gObobr AgVmV. ZmVmiMm Img \$sb AZw^dÊ`mgmR>r, Ë`m \o$pñQ>ìh _yS>_Ü`o OmÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ {~Ja{¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~§ Amnë`m bhmZ _wbm§gh H°$ånMm \o$a\$Q>H$m _maVmV, Vmo Ho$di `mgmR>rM.
OJ^amV gd© ngaboë`m JmodZ {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§V g|Q> \$mpÝgg Po{d`a ho EH$ _hÎdmM§ lÕmñWmZ AgV§. Jmoì`mVrb "~m°_ Oogy ~°{g{bH$m'V `m n§Yamì`m eVH$mVrb g§Vm§À`m earamMo Adeof AmOhr OVZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV. nwÊ`mVrb JmodZ {¼íMZm§À`m `m lÕmñWmZmH$S>o {deof AmoT>m AgVmo. Va Ah_XZJa Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§VyZ nwÊ`mV Ambobo {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb hOmamo bmoH$ Xadfu gßQ>|~a _{hÝ`mÀ`m Xþgè`m e{Zdmar-a{ddmar haoJmdÀ`m _V_mCbrÀ`m gUmbm AmdOy©Z OmV AgVmV. Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb lram_nyaOdirb `m IoS>çmV `oeyMr AmB© _m[a`m {hÀ`m OÝ_{VWr{Z{_Îm hr `mÌm Jobr ghm XeH§$ ^aV Amho. bmImo bmoH$ AmH${f©V H$aUmè`m `m `mÌo_wioM haoJmdbm _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmMr n§T>ar Ag§ g§~moYb§ OmV§.
V{_i {¼ñVr g_mOmV g|Q> A±WZr `m g§Vmbm {deof _mZ {Xbm OmVmo. hm g_mO `m g§VmÀ`m gUmbm ehamVrb {d{dY MM©_Ü`o AmdOy©Z hOaV AgVmo. haoJmdbm _V_mCbrMm gU gmOam hmoVmo, Ë`mM Xaå`mZ nwÊ`mVrb IS>H$s `oWrb g|Q> B½Zo{e`g MM©_Ü`ohr _mVm _m[a`oMr `mÌm ZD$ {Xdg ^adbr OmVo. nwUo qnnar-qMMdS> n[agamVrb {¼ñVr Am{U BVahr ^m{dH$ `m ZD$ {XdgmÀ`m àmW©Zobm - "ZmoìhoZm'bm CnpñWV AgVmV. `m doir MM©_Yrb _m[a`oÀ`m nwVù`mbm gmS>r MT>dbr OmVo. qhXÿ Xodim§V Á`mà_mUo Xodrbm gmS>br Zogdbr OmVo, VrM na§nam BWohr Mmby R>odÊ`mV Ambr Amho. {deof åhUOo BWo gmS>r~amo~a ZmaigwÕm An©U Ho$bm OmVmo.
{¼ñVr Y_m©Mm àgma H$aVmZm ñWm{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb Mm§Jë`m na§nam§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mMr ^y{_H$m AZoH$ {¼ñVr {_eZè`m§Zr g§nyU© OJ^a KoVë`mM§ {XgyZ `oV§. _XþamB© ^mJm§V CƒdUu` ~«m÷Um§_Ü`o H$m`© H$aUmè`m g|Q> am°~Q>© S>r Zmo{~br `mZo Y_mªVa Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr Y_mªVarVm§Zm S>moŠ`mM§ _w§S>Z H$ê$Z e|S>r amImd`mg Am{U H$nmimda ^ñ_ amIÊ`mg _w^m {_idbr. `mgmR>r Ë`mZo AJXr amo_n`ªV bT>m {Xbm hmoVm. Jmoì`mV gVamì`m eVH$mÀ`m gwédmVrbm "{¼ñVnwamU' ho _amR>r _hmH$mì` {b{hUmè`m Wm°_g ñQ>r\$Ýg `m {~«{Q>e Y_©Jwê$Zo qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb AZoH$ g§H$ënZm§Mm `m _hmH$mì`mV dmna Ho$bm Amho. ñWm{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrVrb H$mhr Mm§Jë`m na§nam§Mm, ar{V[admOm§Mm {¼ñVr Y_m©Vhr dmna H$aÊ`mÀ`m àWobm "gm§ñH¥${VH$sH$aU' qH$dm "BZH$ëMaoeZ' Ag§ åhQ>b§ OmV§. H°$Wm°{bH$ MM©Zo Joë`m H$mhr XeH$m§V `m g§H$ënZoMm {h[aarZo nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. `m_wioM nwÊ`mV qH$dm _hmamîQ´>mVhr AZoH$ {¼ñVr Y_©Jwê$ AmInë`m nm§T>è`m P½`mda Im§Úmda emb Jw§S>miyZ CnmgZm H$aVmZm {XgVmV. AZoH$ _amR>r {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§V ajm~§YZ, ^mD$~rO dJ¡ao na§nam AmOhr nmië`m OmVmV. V{_i Am{U _ë`mir {¼ñVr g_mOmVhr nm|Jb Am{U AmoU_ dJ¡ao gU CËgmhnyd©H$ gmOao Ho$bo OmVmV.
nwÊ`mVrb {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb {d{dY KQ>H$m§Zr Amnbr Img d¡{eîQ>çnyU© g§ñH¥$Vr, MmbrarVr {¼ñVr Y_©VÎdm§er VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm Aem àH$mao OVZ Ho$br Amho. ^mfm, Amhma Aem JmoîQ>t_Ü`ohr `m _§S>itZr Amnbr d¡{eîQ>ç§ Onbr AmhoV. hr OnUyH$ H$aVmZm Vo nwÊ`mÀ`m ñWm{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZ doJio nS>bo ZmhrV, Va `m _§S>itÀ`m g§ñH¥${Vd¡{dÜ`m_wio nwÊ`mÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrbmhr ZdrZ Am`m_ {_imbo.
H$m{_b nmaIo
{¼ñVr g§ñH¥$VrMm nwÊ`mer g§~§Y Ambm AR>amì`m eVH$mV. noeì`m§À`m amOdQ>rV {¼ñVr _§S>itM§ Am{U nwÊ`mM§ ZmV§ g¡Ý`mVrb ì`dhmam§À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Owiy bmJb§ hmoV§. _wimV Jmo_§VH$s` nmoVw©JrO ZmJ[aH$ neoì`m§À`m Am{U {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m g§nH$m©Vrb goVy R>abo. Ë`mZ§Va H$mhr {¼ñVr bmoH$ noeì`m§À`m g¡Ý`mV A{YH$manXmda qH$dm Vmo\$m§À`m H$maImÝ`mVbo H$_©Mmar åhUyZ qH$dm ì`mnmar åhUyZ gm_rb hmoV Jobo. nwUo H°$ån hr VoìhmMr bîH$amMr N>mdUr. Ë`m_wio nydu _amR>çm§À`m bîH$amVrb gh^mJmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo ehamV Ambobo {¼íMZ A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$ `m n[agamV ñWm{`H$ Pmbo. `m{edm` IS>H$s, dmZdS>r `m ~mOybmhr {¼ñVr g¡{ZH$ d A{YH$mar dgy bmJbo.
_amR>r \$m¡OoVrb `wamonr` d§emÀ`m qH$dm Jmo_§VH$s` {¼ñVr bîH$ar A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$m§gmR>r nwUo H°$ånmV 1792 gmbr EH$ MM© ~m§YÊ`mV Amb§. AZoH$m§Zm _mhrV Zgob, na§Vw gdmB© _mYdamd noeì`m§Zr XoUJr åhUyZ {Xboë`m OmJoda ho {gQ>r MM© (B_°Š`wboQ> H$Ý\o$eZ MM©) C^§ am{hb§. ŠdmQ>©a JoQ> n[agamVb§ ho MM© nwÊ`mVrb {¼ñVrY_u`m§À`m ApñVËdmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z XoUmar gdm©V OwZr IyU. `m MM©M§ _yi ~m§YH$m_ _mVr Am{U MwÝ`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ho$bob§ hmoV§. 1852 gmbr OwZ§ ~m§YH$m_ nmSy>Z MM©M§ gÜ`mM§ ê$n KS>dÊ`mV Amb§. nwUo Am{U {¼ñVrY_u`m§M§ ZmVog§~§Y KS>Ê`mMr AmIUr EH$ IyU åhUOo H°$ånmVM, gmobmnya amoS>da Agbob§ g|Q> _oarO MM©. ho MM© 1823 gmbr ~m§YÊ`mV Amb§. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _amR>m \$m¡OoVrb {¼ñVr A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$m§gmR>r bîH$ar Vim§À`m n[agamV AZoH$ MM© ~m§Ybr Jobr.
Aìdb {~«{Q>e Am_XZrV nwÊ`mVrb {¼íMZ g_mO _w»`Ëdo \$m¡OoVrb `wamonr` `m Jmo_§VH$s` A{YH$mar d g¡{ZH$ Am{U Ë`m§Mr Hw$Qw>§~§ Agm _`m©{XV hmoVm. Ë`m_wioM nwÊ`mVrb gdmªV OwZr H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> MM© Ho$di nwUo H$ån, IS>H$s Am{U dmZdS>r `m bîH$ar Vim§V {XgVmV. nwUo ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV bîH$amVrb qH$dm aoëdo ImË`mVrb ZmoH$arÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo AZoH$ Xm{jUmË` {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~§ nwUo H±$nmV Am{U IS>H$sV ñWm{`H$ Pmbr. Ë`mVyZ hm ^mJ {¼íMZ~hþb ~ZV Jobm. Joë`m VrZ-Mma XeH$m§V nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> eham§V Or AZoH$ {¼ñVr MM© C^r am{hbobr {XgVmV Vr {¼íMZm§À`m g§»`oV `m n[agamV _moR>r dmT> Pmë`mM§ Xe©dVmV.
^maVmÀ`m AZoH$ ^mJm§V {¼ñVr g_mO AmT>iVmo Am{U Ë`m§À`m MmbrarVr Ë`m Ë`m ^mJm§Vrb ñWm{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrZwgma AgVmV. nwÊ`mV XoemVrb gd©M ^mJm§Vrb {¼ñVr ñWbm§V[aV Pmbo Agë`mZo Y_m©Zo EH$M Agboë`m `m g_mOmÀ`m {d{dY KQ>H$m§V IynM gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. nwÊ`mVrb {¼ñVr g_mO hm ~hþ^m{fH$, {d{dY n§Wr`, {^Þ {^Þ g§ñH¥$VtMm Am{U Amnë`m _yi àm§Vm§À`m g§ñH¥$VrZwgma doe^yfm H$aUmam Amho, Ë`mMà_mUo Vmo AR>amnJS> OmVtMmhr Amho.
nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS>_Yrb {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°ñQ>oñQ>§ `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§Mo bmoH$ AmhoV. H°$Wm°{bH$m§Mr g§»`m VwbZoZo A{YH$ Amho. H°$Wm°{bH$ MM©V\}$ Mmbdë`m OmUmè`m emim, à{ejU H|$Ð, XdmImZo Am{U BVa g§ñWm§Mr g§»`mhr A{YH$ Amho. `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§Vrb bmoH$ _amR>r ^mfH$, H$moH$Ur ^mfH$ JmodZ, H$moH$Ur ^mfH$ _§Jbmo[a`Z, V{_i, _ë`mir Am{U VobwJy dJ¡ao ^m{fH$ JQ>m§V {d^mJbobo AmhoV.
{deof åhUOo IwÔ _amR>r ^mfH$ {¼ñVr g_mOgwÕm _hmamîQ´>mVrb Mma àXoem§VyZ BWo ñWbm§V[aV Pmë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$Vr qH$dm ~mobr^mfm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ {^Þ AmhoV. R>mUo {OëømVrb dgB© VmbwŠ`mVyZ ñWbm§V[aV Pmbobm, _yiMm Jmo_§VH$s` Agbobm ~mX}H$a g_mO; npíM_ _hmamîQ´>mVrb Ah~XZJa-H$moëhmnya Am{U Zm{eH$ {Oëøm§VyZ Ambobm Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVyZ ñWbm§V[aV Pmbobm {¼ñVr g_mO Aem Mma JQ>m§V _amR>r ^m{fH$ {¼ñVr g_mO {d^mJbobm Amho. Jmodm _§Jiya, ~mX}g Am{U dgB© BWyZ ñWbm§V[aV Pmboë`m {¼ñVr g_mOmV {S>gyPm, JmoÝgmpëdg, \$Zmª{S>g Aer nmpíM_mË` YVuMr AmS>Zmd§ AmT>iVmV, `mM§ H$maU åhUOo `m g_mOKQ>H$m§Zm bm^bobm nmoVw©JrO amÁ`H$Ë`mªMm dmagm.
nwÊ`mVrb H$mhr Zm_m§{H$V ì`º$s¨_Yrb nwÊ`mMo {Zd¥Îm {~en d°boarZ {S>gyPm ho _yiMo Jmo_§VH$s` AmhoV, {dÚ_mZ {~en Wm°_g S>m~ao ho dgB©Mo AmhoV, Zm{eH$Mo {Zd¥Îm {~en Wm°_g ^mboamd ho Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb AmhoV, Va nwUoH$a Agbobo Am{U gÜ`mMo Zm{eH$Mo {~en Agbobo bwB©g S>°{Z`Z ho _yiMo V{_i AmhoV. nwÊ`mVrb {¼ñVr g_mOmVrb AmS>Zmdm§dê$ZgwÕm OmUH$ma _§S>itZm Ë`m§Mr àmXo{eH$, ^m{fH$ Am{U OmVr` nmíd©^y_r g_OVo.
^maVmV {¼ñVr g_mO qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb {d{dY OmVr-O_mVtVyZ Ambobm Amho. Jmoì`mV Am{U dgB©V Y_mªVa hmoD$Z Vr-Mma eVH$m§Mm H$mi CbQ>bm, Var VoWrb {¼ñVr g_mOmV Ë`m§À`m _yi qhXÿ Cƒ-ZrM g_Oë`m OmUmè`m OmVr AmOhr R>m_ nm` amodyZ AmhoV. {deofV… b½Zg§~§YmV `m OmVtMr CVa§S> Am{U àXoe {d{eîQ> nmíd©^y_r H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgVo. nwÊ`mVrb JmodZ VéUmM§ b½Z nwÊ`mVrb JmodZ VéUrer qH$dm Jmoì`mV ñWm{`H$ Agboë`m VéUrer hmoV§, Vg§M nwUopñWV _yiMo A_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX qH$dm H$moëhmnya {Oëøm§Vrb Am{U Ë`mMà_mUo _yi dgB©H$a, ~mX}ñH$a qH$dm V{_i {¼ñVr VéUm§Mo {ddmh OwiV AgVmV. ào_{ddmhmMm AWm©V `m àWobm AndmX AgVmo.
_w§~B©à_mUoM nwUo ehamV H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> {_eZè`m§Zr AZoH$ emim Am{U g§ñWm C^maboë`m Agë`m Var `m XmoÝhr eham§V _moR>çm à_mUmV Y_mªVa Pmbobr ZmhrV. Aem àH$maMr _moR>çm à_mUmV Y_mªVa§ Pmbr Vr R>mUo {OëømV dgB© `oWo Am{U Cd©[aV _hmamîQ´>mV A_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX, OmbZm, bmVya, A_amdVr dJ¡ao {R>H$mUr. aoìha§S> Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$, Ë`m§À`m nËZr bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$, aoìha§S> {ZiH§$R>emór Zhoå`m Jmoèho Am{U n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© dJ¡ao CƒdUu` ì`º$s¨Mm AndmX dJiVm hr gd© Y_mªVa§ qhXÿ§_Yë`m Añní` JUë`m OmUmè`m X{bV g_mOnwaVr _`m©{XV hmoVr.
_amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOnwaV§ ~mobm`M§ Pmë`mghm g_mO BVa _amR>r g_mOmnoúkm H$mhr dJoim Amho Aer OmUrdhr hmoUma Zmhr. H$maU `m _mVrVM BVam§gmaIr _amR>r {¼ñVr ì`º$s dmT>br Amho. Ë`m§Mo g§ñH$ma, MmbrarVr, ^mfm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m ^y_rVrbM Amho. {¼ñV Y_© ñdrH$mabm åhUyZ `oWrb ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U MmbrarVtMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mMr `m g_mOmbm JaO ^mgbobr Zmhr. Á`m `wamonr` {_eZatZr Ë`m§Zm {¼ñVr Y_m©Mr Xrjm {Xbr Ë`m§ZmXoIrb `oWrb g§ñH¥$Vr {¼ñVr Y_m©À`m VÎdm§er {dg§JV Amho Ag§ dmQ>b§ Zmhr. Ë`m_wio qhXÿ Y_m©Vrb Mm§Jë`m na§nam Am{U arVr H$m`_ R>odyZ ZdY_mªV[aV {¼ñVr bmoH$m§Zr Amnbr OrdZe¡br H$m`_ R>odbr. Jmoì`mV Am{U dgB©V _mÌ nmoVw©JrOm§Zr ñWm{ZH$ _amR>r-H$moH$Ur ^mfm§Mr JiMonr Ho$br. _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m BVa ^mJm§V Agm àH$ma gwX¡dmZo Pmbm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio {¼ñVr Pmë`mZ§Vahr Zmam`U dm_Z {Q>iH$, gË`dmZ Zm_Xod gy`©d§er, n§{S>Vm a_m~mB© qH$dm bú_r~mB© {Q>iH$ hr Zmd§ {¼ñVr Y_©VÎdm§er {dg§JV AmhoV Ag§ Hw$Umbmhr dmQ>b§ Zmhr. npíM_ _hmamîQ´> Am{U _amR>dmS>çmVyZ nwÊ`mV Amboë`m {¼ñVr g_mOmVhr Jm`dmH$S>, gmoZdUo, H$m§~io, ^mboamd, Vm§~o Aer Img _amR>_moir AmS>Zmd§ AmhooV.
AgmM H$mhrgm àH$ma _amR>r {¼«ñVr g_mOmÀ`m doe^yfo~m~V Am{U H$mhr ñWm{ZH$ (qhXÿ) gUm§~m~V KS>bm Amho. Amnë`m Y_m©À`m VÎdm§er Hw$R>brhr VS>OmoS> Z H$aVm nwÊ`mVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmZo `m na§nam Mmby R>odë`m AmhoV. nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> ehamVrb Hw$R>ë`mhr H°$Wm°{bH$ MM©_Ü`o _amR>r CnmgZm{dYrV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m OoîR> _{hbm ZD$dmar qH$dm Jmob gmS>r, H§w$Hy$ Am{U _§JigyÌ Am{U S>moŠ`mda nyU© nXa KoUmè`m AmhoV, Ag§ {XgyZ `oB©b. qhXÿ g_mOmV Hw§$Hy$, _§JigyÌ hr gm¡^m½`boUr g_Obr OmVmV. H°$Wm°{bH$ Y_©nrR>mbmhr `m g_OwVr {¼ñVr Y_©{damoYr AmhoV Ag§ dmQ>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM _amR>r {¼«ñVr {ddmh MM©_Ü`o hmoVmZm b½ZmÀ`m AmUm^mH$m KoVë`mZ§Va Y_©Jwê$ _§JigyÌ, A§JR>r, OmoS>dr Amerdm©{XV H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va ZdaXod dYyÀ`m Jù`mV ho _§JigyÌ {d{Ynyd©H$ KmbVmo. H$mhr àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> n§Wr`m§Zr _mÌ H§w$Hy$ Am{U _§JigyÌ hr gm¡^m½`boUr {¼ñVr Y_©VÎdm§{déÕ AmhoV, Aer ^y{_H$m KoVbr Amho. Ë`m_wio àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> n§WmVrb ~hþVoH$ _{hbm Hw§$Hy$ bmdV ZmhrV.
qnnar-qMMdS> n[agamV H$miodmS>r, qnnar, H$mgmadmS>r `m n[agamV _amR>r {¼ñVr ^mfH$m§Mr g§»`m bjUr` Amho. `mn¡H$s gÜ`m Á`oîR> ZmJ[aH$ AgUmè`m `m Hw$Qw>§~à_wIm§Mr nmíd©^y_r Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_JmamMr Amho. `m_mJohr EH$ B{Vhmg Amho. nwÊ`mV ñdmaJoQ>Odi e§H$aeoQ> amoS>da g|Q> Omogo\$ Q>opŠZH$b BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ> hr EHo$H$mir ZmdmObobr g§ñWm Amho. `oeyg§Kr` (OoPwBQ>) `m H°$Wm°{bH$ n§Wr` Y_©Jwê§$Zr Mmb{dboë`m `m g§ñWoZo nwÊ`mVrb AZoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H§$nÝ`m§Zm Hw$eb H$m_Jma nwa{dbo AmhoV. 1960 Am{U 1970 À`m XeH$m§V `oeyg§Kr` Y_©Jwêw§$À`m g§nH$m©Zo Ah_XZJa Am{U Ah_XZJa {OëømVrb embmÝV narjm CÎmrU© Pmbobr AZoH$ _wb§ `m à{ejU g§ñWoV XmIb Pmbr Am{U Ë`m§M§ à{ejU nyU© hmoVmM Q>mQ>m _moQ>g©, ~OmO Am°Q>mo, J«rìh²O dJ¡ao à_wI H§$nÝ`m§V Ë`m§Zm ZmoH$è`m {_imë`m. Aem àH$mao Ah_XZJ Am{U Am¡a§Jm~mX {OëømVrb EH$ {nT>r Ë`m H$mimV nwÊ`mV pñWamdbr. qnnar-qMMdS> `m Am¡Úmo{JH$ ZJarV _amR>r ^mfH$ {¼ñVr ZmJ[aH$m§Mr _moR>r g§»`m Agë`mM§ ho EH$ à_wI H$maU. AmO `m Hw$Q>§w~m§À`m Xþgè`m-{Vgè`m {nT>çm H$m`©aV Pmë`m AmhoV.
{deof _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> eham§V Jobr VrZ-Mma XeH§$ pñWamdyZhr _amR>r {¼ñVr ^m{fH$ g_mOmZo Amnë`m _yi ^y_rer ZmV§ H$m`_ amIb§ Amho. Ah_XZJa-Am¡a§Jm~mX {Oëøm§Vrb Amnë`m _yi Jmdr OwÝ`m {nT>rVrb ì`º$s dfm©VyZ EH$Xm Var ^oQ> XoVmVM. Zì`m {nT>rVrb _§S>ir b½Z dm BVa H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r Jmdr OmV AgVmV. nwÊ`mVrb dgB©H$a _§S>ir `m ~mX}ñH$a _§S>irgwÕm Amnë`m _yi ^y_rer H$m`_ g§nH©$ amIyZ AgVmV. {deofV… b½ZmgmR>r gmo`arH$ OwidVmZm _yi JmdmVrb ZmVodmB©H$ _§S>itM§ gmhmæ`m KoVb§ OmV§.
_amR>r ^mfH$ [IñVr g_mO H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> `m n§Wm§V {d^mJbm AgyZ Ë`m§À`mV Ogo {ddmhg§~§Y hmoV ZmhrV. Vg§M Hw$R>ë`mhr Ym{_©H$ dm BVa H$maUm_wio `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§À`m bmoH$m§Zm nañnag§~§YXoIrb hmoV ZmhrV. _amR>r gm{hË` Midi _mÌ `mg AndmX åhUmdr bmJob. "_amR>r {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§_obZm'À`m {Z{_ÎmmZo `m XmoÝhr n§Wm§Vrb bmoH$ EH$Ì `oVmV. gZ 1927 nmgyZ {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§_obZ§ ^aV AgyZ Vr na§nam AmOhr gwê$ Amho. nwÊ`mVrb _amR>r {¼ñVr gm{hË` g§KmMr Xa _{hÝ`mÀ`m eodQ>À`m Jwédmar dm`E_grEÀ`m hm°b_Ü`o {Z`{_VnUo ~¡R>H$ hmoV AgVo.
nwÊ`mVrb H°$Wm°{bH$ Am{U àm°Q>oñQ>§Q> MM©_Ü`o _amR>r CnmgZm{dYr hmoVmo Voìhm {VWo aoìha§S> Zm. dm. {Q>iH$, H¥$îUmMr gm§Jio dJ¡ao Zm_d§VH$dtZr Ho$boë`m aMZm Jm`ë`m OmVmV. _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmÀ`m `m Jm`ZàWobm e§^a-gìdmeo dfmªMr na§nam Amho. Á`m MM©_Ü`o `yW J«wn `m Jm`H$d¥§X Agob {VWo hm_m}{Z`_, V~bm dJ¡ao dmÚm§À`m gmWrZo JrV§ Jm`br OmVmV. ZmVmiÀ`m AmYr AmR>dS>m^a H°$amob qgJg© ZmVmiMr JmUr JmV {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~m§À`m Kar ^oQ>r XoVmV, Voìhmhr Zm_m§{H$V H$dtZr {d{eîQ> amJm§V aMbobr Jm`Z§ Jm{`br OmVmV. nwUo Am{U qnnar-qMMdS> `oWrb H°$Wm°{bH$ MM©_Ü`o _amR>r ^mfH$m§gmR>r Img doJir {_ñgm qH$dm CnmgZm Ho$br OmVo. Y_©Jwê$ Amerdm©X XoVmV Voìhm gd© _{hbm S>moŠ`mda nyU© nXa KoVmV, Ë`mMà_mUo Vm{_i qH$dm _ëë`mir ^mfH$m§gmR>rhr Ë`m§À`m ^mfm§V àmW©Zm Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `m{edm` B§J«Or ^mfoV hmoUmè`m àmW©ZogmR>r gd©M ^mfH$ ZmVmibm EH$Ì O_VmV.
{ddmh g_ma§^mÀ`m ~m~VrVhr _amR>r {¼ñVr g_mOmZo gwnmar \$moS>Uo, gmIanwS>m, hiX bmdUo dJ¡ao na§nam H$m`_ R>odë`m AmhoV. `mVhr ^maVr` Am{U nmpíM_mË` na§naoMr gm§JS> KmVbr OmVo. `wamo{n`Z nÕVrZwgma MM©_Ü`o b½ZmV ZddYyZo g\o$X JmD$Z KmbÊ`mMr na§nam Amho. Amnë`mH$S>o _mÌ JmD$ZEodOr g\o$X gmS>r Zogbr OmVo. _mÌ, S>moŠ`mda nm§T>am OmirXma ìhob (nS>Xm) Am{U hmVmV nm§T>ao hmV_moOo AgVmV. b½Z{dYrZ§Va [agoßeZbm _mÌ ^maVr` na§naoZwgma emby hdmM. {~Ja_amR>r ^mfH$ {¼ñVr g_mOmZohr AemM àH$mao XmoÝhr g§ñH¥$VtMr gm§JS> KmVbobr {XgVo.
ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$miV Am{U ñdmV§Í`àmárZ§VaÀ`m H$mhr XeH$m§V Jmoì`mVrb AZoH$ H°$Wm°{bH$ Hw$Qw>§~ nwUo H±$nmV ñWm{`H$ Pmbr. Ë`m_wio {VWo Am{U ZOrH$À`m n[agamV {gQ>r MMM©, g|Q> n°{Q´>Šg H°$WoS´>b Am{U g|Q> Po{d`g© hr Xodi§ C^maÊ`mV Ambr. XmoZ-AS>rM XeH$m§nydu Jmoì`mVrb ~mX}g VmbwŠ`mVyZ AZoH$ {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~§ ZmoH$ar Am{U ì`dgm`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo _hmamîQ´>mVrb KmQ>mdarb àXoemV ñWbm§V[aV Pmbr. Ë`m doir Jmodm nmoVw©JrO A_bmImbr hmoVm. Bpݹ${PeZÀ`m H$mimV ZdY_mªV[aV ~«m÷U Am{U BVa OmVtVrb {¼ñVr g_mOmda nmídmË` g§ñH¥$Vr ñdrH$maÊ`mgmR>r AË`mMma Pmë`m_wio, ßboJÀ`m gmWr_wio Am{U BVa H$mhr H$maUm§_wio ho ñWbm§Va Pmb§, Ag§ åhUVmV. _mÌ `m XmoZ-AS>rM XeH$m§V `m ~mX}ñH$a g_mOmZo Amnbr Jmo_§VH$s` g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U H$moH$Ur ^mfm OVZ Ho$br. Y_©Jwê$ ZgVmZmhr {¼ñVr Y_m©M§ AmMaU Mmby R>odb§. hm EH$ _moR>m gm_m{OH$ M_ËH$maM åhQ>bm nm{hOo. Joë`m XmoZ-AS>rM XeH$m§V KmQ>mdarb hm ~mX}ñH$a g_mO nwÊ`mV Am{U qMMdS> BWo ñWm{`H$ Pmbm Amho.
nwÊ`mVrb V{_i Am{U _ë`mir {¼ñVr Hw$Qw>§~§ nydu H±$nmV N>moQ>çmem ^mS>moÌr KamV qH$dm ñdV…À`m _mbH$sÀ`m KamV amhV AgV. Joë`m VrZ XeH$m§À`m H$mimV O{_ZtÀ`m {H$_Vr ñd_mbH$sMr OmJm {dHy$Z Ë`m ~Xë`mV {_imboë`m aH$_oV nwUo eham~mhoa Agboë`m dmZdS>r dJ¡ao n[agam§V OmJm KoD$Z ¿ka§ ~m§Ybr qH$dm Zdo âb°Q²>g IaoXr Ho$bo. nwÊ`mVrb gXm{ed, Zmam`U dJ¡ao noR>m§Vrb dmS>m g§ñH¥$VrV amhUmè`m bmoH$m§Zr OmJm {dHy$Z eham~mhoa åhUOo H$moWê$S> n[agamV OmJmV qH$dm âb°Q²>g {dH$V KoD$Z ñWbm§Va Ho$b§, AJXr VgmM hm àH$ma hmoVm.
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