Thursday, May 1, 2025
Sunday, April 23, 2023
Christian missionaries, another perspective
FREDERICK NORONHA
At a time when religion has become a tool for political mobilisation, and mainly a means of spreading hatred, former Navhind Times journalist Camil Parkhe has taken on an interesting project. Not an easy one at that.
His 184-page ‘Contribution of Christian Missionaries in India’ (Gujarat Sahitya Prakashan, 2007) does just that. It highlights the profiles of 19 individuals who played a role in this nation. They come from different backgrounds, time periods and denominations of Christianity.
For instance, Pandita Ramabai (Rama Dongre, 1858-1922), the Indian social reformer who converted to Christianity, was a Sanskrit scholar, and worked for child widows. She campaigned for female education, was an early member of the Indian National Congress, taught the blind, and translated the Bible.
Since these were in the Roman script, Parkhe explains, “therefore, Marathi scholars did not pay any attention to this great literary work” till much later, in the early
20th century.
There are chapters on the Italian Jesuit Robert de Nobili, 1577-1656, (the “father of inculturation in India”). He adopted a lifestyle acceptable to the local people, and tried to set up a Sanskrit-medium seminary of Christian philosophy in 1610.
Fr. Nehemiah Nilakanta Shastri Gore (1825-95), a prominent convert, was considered the “first Marathi missionary”. Satyavan Namdeo Survanshi was a journalist and ‘kirtankar’. He was a bridge builder between Protestants
and Catholics.
Belgian Jesuit Fr. Camille Bulcke, SJ (1909-82), earned a Padma Bhushan award in 1974 for enriching the Hindi language with his research as an indologist. He first published the Angreji-Hindi Koshi (English-Hindi Dictionary) in 1968, with multiple reprints.
Narayan Vaman Tilak (1861-1919) was a poet and missionary. A nationalist too, he was called Phula-Mulanche Kavi (poet of flowers and children). He evolved a new spiritual-cultural movement for the newly-converted Marathi-speaking Christians in Maharashtra.
Mother Teresa, who came to India as a 19-year-old Macedonian-Albanian, needs no elaboration.
Joseph Beschi SJ was a priest and Tamil poet, and also a Jesuit. He knew Tamil, Malayalam, Sanskrit, Telugu, English, French, Portuguese, Italian, Latin, Persian, and Hindi — at least five of these very well. He was an excellent diplomat, and got royal patronage from a local ruler.
Graham Stains is of very recent memory, having been burnt alive while in the service of lepers. Parkhe writes: “Until the brutal burning of the missionary and his two young sons, not many people outside Orissa had heard of Graham Staines or his wife, Gladys. After their killing under the cover of darkness, the whole world came to know about the Staines couple and the service they were rendering.”
Fr. Herman Bacher was a pioneer of rural development. He left his home in the Alps and became Maharashtra’s “pride of the agricultural sector”. He worked out schemes to help the poor — regardless of religion — after Independence. He helped get loans for farmers, dig or repair wells, and provided funds through a cooperative bank. Vocational training, groundwater recharge, and his work in drought-prone areas were what he became known for.
The Barcelona-born priest-historian Henry Heras, SJ, no stranger to Goa, was fascinated with Indian culture and history. For three decades, he researched the history of ancient India, culture, scripts, and sculptures. In 1926, he started the Indian Historical Institute in Bombay with a library of just eight books. Four guns belonging to the Maratha period became the foundation of a museum. His work on Indian Christian art and encouragement to talent like Angelo da Fonseca is well known. Many of his students became reputed historians and
archaeologists.
Baptist missionary Reverend William Carey is known as the father of printing technology in India (outside of the early Portuguese efforts). Valerian Cardinal Gracias was the first Indian Cardinal, and Parkhe credits him as being behind the building of the prestigious St. John’s Medical College in Bengaluru.
1831 Belgaum-born Baba Padmanjee is the first Marathi novelist and a missionary. Manorama Medhavi, the daughter of Pandita Ramabai, a social worker, is also featured. So is the German Jesuit and editor Archbishop Henry Doering, who started a magazine that lasted over a century. Justin Edward Abbot authored 11 books in English and Marathi on the lives and works of medieval Hindu sants of Maharashtra.
An interesting addition is Matthew Lederle SJ, who was conscripted in the Nazi war machine, escaped from a Brit PoW camp, and later became a Jesuit priest in his 20s. He was fascinated by the spiritual works of Sant Dnyandeo and Sant Namdeo. He co-founded Snehasadan Ashram, a centre for inter-religious dialogue in Pune. Fluent in Marathi, he was convinced that “local culture and Christian doctrines and beliefs can be compatible”. He encouraged Indian Christian art; one still hears names like Gemini Roy, Jyoti Sahi, Angelo de Fonseca, Sister Claire, or Sr. Genevieve. His dream was to have at least 100 ashrams run by the Catholic churches in India, which completely blend with the local religion and culture. Lederle became Provincial of the then Goa-Poona Jesuits, headquartered at the time in Panaji but died of a heart attack barely a year later in 1986, while swimming
off Baga.
This book isn’t a recent publication. But given the manner in which religious infighting within India keeps getting stoked, perhaps this point needs to be made. And noticed.
One question that could be raised though is how critical can such a book be. Even more serious a question could be on how does one decide whom to include? Seen one way, Parkhe’s view is from beyond the traditional places associated with Christianity in India. In this case, Maharashtra. Some points and perspectives could be debated though. The claim that Christianity was brought to India by St. Thomas could be just that — a claim. Likewise, accepting how “terrible” the Goa Inquisition was might be another aspect that needs a rethink, considering recent studies on the issue.
“The consistent demonising of Christians, especially the religious personnel commonly and freely referred to as missionaries, may seem to some as unwarranted. Christians in India are a tiny and scattered minority….,”
writes journalist Anosh Malekar in
the book. He argues that the book “is important” not because it talks about religious conflict, or salvation of metaphysics. “It is their disproportionate undertaking… Christians run 25% of India’s voluntary sector. The beneficiaries belong to all castes, creeds, and cults.”
Saturday, May 22, 2021
Christians, missionaries and Dalits
Covering Goa since 1963
Frederick Noronha
Camil Parkhe featured in these columns only very recently, so it might seem like overdoing it a bit to feature the journalist here once again. Yet, in a way, I’d argue, it’s justified.
Camil’s was an often-appearing by-line in The Navhind Times of the 1980s. Just out of college at that time, he soon got into the world of journalism. Some of us who had an eye on entering this very field would envy people like him or John Aguiar. (The latter was another student-reporter, who retired from government service only just recently.) While the rest of us could only dream of entering the media, they were already there.
After reporting for the NT for some time, Camil Parkhe simply vanished from the Goa horizon. Or so it seemed. We occasionally got reports of his shifting back to his native places in Ahmednagar (home to 19 sugar factories, and the birthplace of the now-sometimes controversial cooperatives). Or Pune. But it was only when Facebook grew phenomenally across India, that old-time friends started getting connected once again.
After exchanging a few texts, this time Camil sent across an interesting collection of his books. Two things struck me immediately about these.
The first was that Maharashtra, perhaps due to its size, unlike Goa, has this trend of coming out with some small, rather inexpensive, simply printed books. This allows a whole lot of authors to express a whole lot of ideas. Interesting….
In Goa, despite this being the first home in Asia to print in the mid-sixteenth century, getting into print can still pose challenges. It has been rather tough even in recent centuries to come out with books and to successfully market the same.
Secondly, Camil Parkhe continues to be multilingual, both in speaking and in writing. So, his books are in English and in Marathi, and he seems to slip from one to the other rather effortlessly.
In a way, this also reflects the different times and style by which religious conversions took part in diverse parts of the county. While people outside Bombay-Bassein parts of Maharashtra changed their religion, it wasn’t always the sixteenth century. And it was not strongly felt that faith, culture and language were all treated as a single package.
Anyway, because of Camil’s connections with our region, his texts will go into my Goa books collection. As mentioned earlier, he had come down to Goa as a young college student. His goal then was to become a Jesuit priest, though he later changed plans. So, he took to journalism instead, both here and in Maharashtra, till the pandemic led to job-losses.
One book I would have been interested in reading is in Marathi, ‘Badalta Patrakita’, or ‘Changing Journalism’. More so, since the media discusses the whole world, but never or seldom looks inward at itself. It’s always interesting to read comments on the media.
Three of Camil’s other books are interesting, however, and might be a bit more relevant to us, more so at this time of the year. These books discuss a missionary priest in Ghogargaon, the Dalit Christian’s “right to reservation”, and the Contributions of Christian Missionaries in India.
The last perhaps has the most potential ruffle feathers. In India, the discourse over religion and politics has changed a lot over the decades. This subject is no longer seen with the same approach as it was done in the 1950s, 1960s or 1970s.
“Missionaries” has become a kind of a bad word nowadays. Permission for foreign propagators of the faith is hard to come by. Which is why we have only a smattering of foreigners working in educational or other institutions in India, unlike earlier.
This is a mixed blessing, a good thing and a bad thing simultaneously, as it were. The Church is forced to depend on its own resources, to build its own. But, at the same time, the skills from overseas – some well-intentioned ones, maybe a few misguided – are not there.
I knew Gaston Roberge, a French-Canadian Jesuit who spent a lifetime in India (in Calcutta-Kolkata), did so much for the world of understanding film till he passed away recently. Scores of others worked in the fields of science, education, health and more.
It is not always easy to understand the motivation of these men and women, who leave their homes and countries, to go and work in another distant corner of the globe. Are they just misguided? Fanatical? Do they really want to help? Do they have a neo-colonial approach towards things? Or elements of all?
Yet, at the same time, the word “missionary””does have some negative connotations attached to it. By the dictionary meaning, it refers to “a Christian who has been sent to a foreign country to teach people about Christianity”. Foreign? Sent? Teach? These words could indeed sound condescending, at the very least.
South Asia is one of those regions of the world which doesn’t quite like the idea of changing one’s religions. There is no ‘free market’ for the world of religious beliefs, it would seem, in these parts. (Oddly enough, in these changing times, Christian Indian religious priests and nuns are going out to other parts of the globe, instead of others from elsewhere coming in here. This is also true for other religions including Hinduism as well, whose movements, from ISKCON to Rajneesh and more, have been reaching out to the Western world for maybe half a century now.)
In this context, Camil Parkhe goes against the tide with his book titled ‘Contributions of Christian Missionaries in India’. It was published in 2007 by the Gujarat Sahitya Prakash, a Christian publisher, in times when there was less information available online.
This book lists the women’s pioneer Ramabai Saraswati; the pioneering Marathi-Konkani litterateur, Thomas Stephens SJ; the father of inculturation, Robert de Nobili; the first Marathi missionary, Fr Nahemiah Nilakanthashastri Gore; journalist-kirtankar, Satyavan Namdeo Survanshi; Padma Bhushan Fr Camil Bulcke; poet-missionary, Rev Narayan Vaman Tilak; Bharat Ratna Mother (now St) Teresa; Tamil poet, Joseph Beschi; Graham Staines who cared for the lepers but was burnt alive; rural development pioneer, Fr Herman Bacher; historian, Fr Henry Heras; linguist-social reformer, William Carey; Padma Visbhushan Valerian Cardinal Gracias; the first Marathi novelist, Rev Baba Padmajee; social worker Manorama Madhavi; editor-missionary, Archbishop Henry Doering; research scholar, Rev Justin Abbot and inter-religious dialoguer, Fr Matthew Lederle.
‘Fr Gurien Jacquier of Ghogargaon’ is a story of a little-known French Fransalian priest from the late 19th century, who changed the lives of Camil’s maternal family and an entire village. It is narrated in a catchy, journalistic style, and makes it tough to not get drawn in. The third book is also a brief but blunt book about why Dalit Christians should not be deprived of reservations.
Camil’s list of “missionaries” above may seem like a long list, but with easier access to online information now, it is clearly the tip of the iceberg.
A religion, any religion – and even secular ideologies – are a mix of good and bad. A tree will be known by its fruits, or so says the parable.
These are times of globalisation, misunderstandings and even enhanced inter-religious conflict. In such a situation, perhaps what’s the need of the hour is to reinforce the positive, weed out the negatives, and build in a way that benefits everyone.

